Acute Lignocaine Overdose
Lignocaine, also known as lidocaine, is a local anesthetic drug that produces transient loss of sensory, motor, and autonomic function when applied in proximity to neural tissue. Lidocaine is a …
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Management of Thrombophlebitis
Thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins which causes blood clot formation and blockage of one or more veins, especially in the limb. It is a significant vascular disorder …
Read MoreTreatment of Alcohol-induced Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
Wernicke’s encephalopathy is a severe and life-threatening illness resulting from vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. It is a reversible medical emergency. According to The European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) guidelines, …
Read MoreTypes of Calcium Channels
Calcium channels are transmembrane ion channels that are permeable to calcium ions and are of two categories: voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels. Voltage-gated channels are activated by changes in membrane …
Read MoreOverview of Bacterial Toxins in Clinical Toxicology
SUMMARRY Overview of Bacterial Toxins in Clinical Toxicology Bacterial toxins are key virulence factors …
Read MoreAnthrax Toxinosis
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis; a spore-forming bacteria naturally found in soil. It affects all warm-blooded animals, particularly herbivores. Other Bacillus sp such as Bacillus cereus …
Read MorePatterns of Toxicant-induced Renal Injury
The pattern of toxic injury to organ and tissues is affected by the following factors: The toxic injury depends largely on the pattern of blood flow to that tissue or …
Read MoreToxicant-Induced Hepatic Injury
Because most absorbed toxicants are carried in the bloodstream, blood flow patterns often dictate which tissues may be affected. Within the tissues, variations in cell type and function can also …
Read MoreHepatic Encephalopathy
it is also known as acute hyperammonemic encephalopathy or portosystemic encephalopathy. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) specifically refers to an encephalopathy occurring in patients with acute liver failure, a portosystemic shunt, or chronic liver …
Read MoreAlcoholic Ketoacidosis (AKA)
Alcoholic ketoacidosis is defined as syndrome of a “wide-gap metabolic acidosis, malnutrition, and binge drinking in a setting of alcohol abuse”. This syndrome is mostly seen in patients with a …
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