Paraquat is a widely used but highly toxic herbicide that continues to cause severe poisoning and death worldwide. Paraquat poisoning is associated with a high fatality rate of approximately 33.0%-91.7%, largely due to the lack of effective treatments and specific antidotes (Barma et al., 2025; Nuwongsa et al., 2024). A Thai study reported survival times ranging from 26 hours to 59 days, with an overall mortality rate of 71% (Nuwongsa et al., 2024).
The clinical course is usually dose dependent and it causes
both local and systemic toxicity. Its major toxic effects include acute respiratory distress syndrome . . .
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