Pretilachlor is a synthetic chloroacetanilide herbicide widely applied in rice and paddy cultivation to control annual grasses, sedges, broad‑leaved weeds, and floating aquatic plants. It belongs to the chloroacetanilide class of anilide herbicides, a subclass of amide herbicides, which includes butachlor, s‑metolachlor, acetochlor, and dimethachlor.
Chloroacetanilide herbicides are postulated to exert dose‑dependent cytotoxicity by depleting glutathione (GSH) in hepatocytes, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing mitochondrial dysfunction, and disrupting cell cycle regulation (Dahal et al., 2023). Evidence of oxidative stress includes elevated metallothionein (MT) levels in adult Javanese medaka fish exposed to pretilachlor (Khairi et al., 2025 . . .
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